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时间：6年前 (2018-03-11)来源：怀孕期阅读量: 171
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从某种程度来讲，美国是世界上成为职业女性的最佳国家之一。
FT专栏作家吉莲•邰蒂认为纽约是其经历过的最支持职业女性的环境。但美国又是唯一一个没有全国性法律要求公司为产妇提供带薪家庭假的工业化国家。对此吉莲•邰蒂写下本文，阐述了她的看法。
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When I first moved to America more than a decade ago, I was fascinated by a piece of marketing I saw for a breast-pump. This picture depicted a woman in an executive suit hopping on to a private plane, carrying a briefcase that concealed a breast-pump, with a storage section for the milk.
10多年前，当我刚移居美国时，我被一则吸奶器广告吸引了。图片上画的是一名身穿套装的女性登上一架私人飞机，手里拿着一个公文包，里面藏着一套吸奶器，还有存放奶汁的分区。
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It was very different from the pictures of breast-pumps I had seen in Europe, which presented soft-focus pictures of mothers sitting down at home, surrounded by domestic accessories. And since I was pregnant myself at the time, the new image seemed exhilarating. Never mind the fact that you were having a baby, the advert seemed to declare that anyone could still hold a high-powered job and keep breastfeeding their baby — even while hopping on an executive jet.
这与我在欧洲看到的吸奶器图片非常不同，在欧洲，广告商会使用软焦点的画面，比如妈妈坐在家中，周围是家居饰件。当时我自己在怀孕，因此美国的新形象似乎令人振奋。这则广告似乎在宣告，不要介意你将要成为母亲，任何人都可以既做女强人，又给宝宝喂奶，即使在登上公务机时也不例外。
exhilarating [ɪg'zɪləreɪtɪŋ; eg-]adj. 使人愉快的；令人喜欢的；爽快的 v. 使高兴，使兴奋（exhilarate的现在分词形式）
例句：The cold weather exhilarated the walkers.
寒冷的天气使行人精神振奋。
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然而，10年后，我也看到了这种文化象征主义的阴暗面。
In some ways America is one of the best countries in the world to be a working woman. It has a long list of inspiring female leaders, from Janet Yellen (head of the Federal Reserve) or Nancy Pelosi (leader of the House Democrats) to chief executives such as Ginni Rommety (IBM) and Irene Rosenfeld (Mondelez International), and so on. Indeed, I personally have found New York to be the most supportive environment for a working woman that I have ever experienced: this is a place where ambition is accepted, even with babies and breast-pumps.
从某种程度来讲，美国是世界上成为职业女性的最佳国家之一。在美国，鼓舞人心的女性领袖数不胜数，从美联储(Fed)主席珍妮特•耶伦(Janet Yellen)、众议院民主党领袖南希•佩洛西(Nancy Pelosi)，到无数女性首席执行官，如IBM的罗睿兰(Ginni Rommety)和亿滋国际(Mondelez International)的艾琳•罗森菲尔德(Irene Rosenfeld)。的确，我个人认为纽约是我经历过的最支持职业女性的环境；这是一个雄心被认可的地方，即便你有宝宝和吸奶器。
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But there is a catch. America is also a tough place for new mothers. After all, the reason why executive-style breast-pumps are on the market is that many women rush back to work extremely quickly after giving birth. Sometimes that is a personal choice. But it reflects something else: giving birth can come with big financial costs.
然而，这里面有个问题。对于新手妈妈，美国也是一个艰辛的地方。毕竟，市场上可以买到高管风格的吸奶器，是因为很多女性在生下宝宝后很快回到工作岗位。有时这是一种个人选择。但它反映出其他的东西：生孩子可能要付出巨大财务代价。
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Most notably, the US is the only industrialised country that has no national law requiring companies to provide paid family leave when a woman gives birth. Indeed, it was not until 1993 that America introduced national laws protecting women’s rights to take a few — unpaid — days to give birth.
最值得一提的是，美国是唯一一个没有全国性法律要求公司为产妇提供带薪家庭假的工业化国家。实际上，直到1993年，美国才制定全国法律保护女性在生育时休几天无薪产假的权利。
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For some, that does not matter. A few liberal states, such as California, New York and Washington, have introduced their own state-level laws that mandate family leave for new mothers, at a very basic level of pay. Most large companies offer it as a benefit to their full-time employees too.
对于一些人而言，这并不重要。几个自由派的州，例如加州、纽约州和华盛顿州，已推出州立法律，强制规定面向新手妈妈的家庭假，为她们保障基本工资。多数大公司也为全职员工提供产假作为福利。
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But most states still have no local laws requiring paid family leave, and women who do not work at big companies, or full-time, tend to have few benefits. Indeed, Sheryl Sandberg, chief operating officer of Facebook, said recently that the law has so many loopholes that “right now, only about 60 per cent of the US workforce has access to unpaid leave thanks to the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993”.
但多数州仍没有制定州立法律提供带薪家庭假，那些不在大公司工作或者不在大公司全职工作的女性几乎没有这些福利。的确，Facebook首席运营官雪莉•桑德伯格(Sheryl Sandberg)最近表示，法律存在很多漏洞，以至于“目前，根据1993年《家庭和医疗假期法》(Family and Medical Leave Act)，只有大约60%的美国员工享有无薪假期。”
loophole ['luːphəʊl] ：n. 漏洞；枪眼；换气孔；射弹孔
例句：Each law has its loophole.
每部法律都有漏洞。
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The net result, then, is a cruel bifurcation. Professional women who hold full-time jobs often are protected; poor women who work part-time (and really need the financial help) do not. This is shameful, particularly in a country where 40 per cent of women are the primary — or sole — breadwinner in their household.
于是，结果是残酷的两极分化。全职工作的职业女性往往得到保护；兼职工作（真正需要财务帮助）的贫穷女性却没有得到保护。这很丢脸，特别是在一个40%的女性是家里主要或唯一经济来源的国家。
bifurcation[baɪfə'keɪʃ(ə)n]：n. 分歧，分叉；分歧点
例句：Starting from the waist decorated with a large bifurcation veil skirt body, a powerful gas field.
有一个很有气势的设计就是从腰部装饰部分开始有个很大的分叉。
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Might this change? Perhaps. Hillary Clinton has long campaigned for the cause of maternity pay. But during his election campaign, Donald Trump stunned observers by endorsing the idea too: he called for a national plan to provide six weeks of paid family leave, as a form of unemployment insurance, for mothers and fathers.
这种情况可能改变吗？或许吧。长期以来，希拉里•克林顿(Hillary Clinton)一直倡导带薪产假。不过在竞选期间，唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)也支持这种想法，这令观察人士吃了一惊：他呼吁制定一个全国计划，以失业保险的形式，为父母提供6周带薪家庭假。
maternity [mə'tɜːnɪtɪ]：n. 母性，母道；[妇产] 妇产科医院 adj. 产科的；产妇的，孕妇的
例句：This is one of the dirty secrets of the maternity industry.
这是孕妇产业的一个肮脏的小秘密。
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That reflects lobbying by his daughter Ivanka Trump, now a White House adviser. Ms Trump has been meeting with Republican and Democratic lawmakers to craft bipartisan legislation to introduce family support. She is also pushing for her father to double the tax credit for childcare in the US from $1,000 annually to $2,500, as part of the White House’s tax-reform plan. Indeed, she hopes that these improvements will be a key plank of her legacy.
这反映出他女儿、现任白宫顾问伊万卡•特朗普(Ivanka Trump)的游说。伊万卡一直在与共和党和民主党议员会面，以起草一项出台家庭支持的两党立法。她还在推动她的父亲提高美国育儿税收抵免，从每年1000美元提高到2500美元，作为白宫税收改革计划的一部分。实际上，她希望这些改善措施将成为她的政治遗产的重要部分。
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It is unclear if this will fly. Fiscal conservatives in Congress hate the idea of extending benefits, fearing this will raise debt levels and make the labour market less flexible. Democrats are angry that Ms Trump has not done more to promote women’s issues and want radical measures. Meanwhile, the whole issue of Congressional tax reform is so controversial that it may not be enacted swiftly — if at all.
目前还不清楚这些立法能不能得到通过。美国国会的财政保守人士不喜欢扩大福利的想法，担心这将提高债务水平并让劳动力市场的灵活性变差。让民主党人感到气愤的是，伊万卡没有采取更多行动为女性问题代言，他们希望有大刀阔斧的措施。与此同时，国会税收改革的整个议题如此有争议，以至于它可能不会很快得到通过——如果最终能通过的话。
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But, if nothing else, the Trump father and daughter intervention has — belatedly — put paid parental leave in the headlines. And campaigners hope that the more America talks about this challenge, the more pressure will build for change at the state level, or inside companies themselves. Heaven knows, it is long overdue — not just for professional women, but most immediately for the army of hard-working poor women who are sustaining so many American households but could never hope to own a briefcase and top-of-the-range, $370 executive breast pump, least of all after they give birth.
然而，撇开其他不谈，特朗普父女的干预至少把带薪产假问题推上新闻头条。活动人士希望，美国人越多讨论这一挑战，要求各州或者公司本身做出改变的压力就越大。上天知道，此举早就应该出台，不仅是为职业女性，最紧迫的是为那些辛勤工作的贫困女性大军，她们支撑着那么多美国家庭，但她们永远都不可能拥有一个公文包和一套370美元的高管级高档吸奶器，特别是在她们生了孩子之后。
美国居然是唯一一个没有带薪产假的国家！
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